The
theory of autopoiesis, that is systems that are self-producing or
self-constructing, was originally developed to explain the particular
nature of living as opposed to non-living entities. It was subsequently
enlarged to encompass cognition and language leading to what is known
as second-order cybernetics. However, as with earlier biological
theories, many authors have tried to extend the domain of the theory to
encompass social systems, the most notable being Luhmann. The purpose
of this paper is to consider critically the extent to which the theory
of autopoiesis, as originally defined, can be applied to social
systems-that is, whether social systems are autopoietic. And, if it
cannot, whether some weaker version might be appropriate. It addresses
this question by considering whether autopoiesis can be applied to the
theoretical conceptions of Giddens and Bhaskar. It follows an earlier
paper that evaluated Luhmann's autopoietic social theory.